However, no cancer incidence increase, apart from thyroid carcinoma (TC) among people exposed during their childhood or adolescence, has been proven to result from the Chernobyl exposures while among the causes of the registered TC increase were improved medical surveillance, reporting, and regular examinations. Ī statement in : 'Recent studies have shown that during the period subsequent to the nuclear Chernobyl accident (April 1986), an increase in morbidity (4.7 to 9.8 per 100,000 of the total population), aggressiveness, and proliferative activity of renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) from Ukrainian patients is recognized' was endorsed by a self-reference to and another reference to a report by the Ukrainian Ministry of Health.
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However, individual doses to the thyroid were higher than the whole body doses approximately by a factor of ten. in is not generally applicable to the residents of contaminated areas after the Chernobyl accident. The above comparisons show that the term 'chronic, long-term, low doses of ionizing radiation', used e. g. For comparison, the standard (70 years) lifetime dose from the average natural radiation background (2.4 mSv/year) is 170 mSv, with a typical range 70–700 mSv for different regions.
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The doses expected for the period 2001–2056 are considerably lower. Dose estimates for different soil types, compatible with or somewhat higher than the above figures (with no account taken of current countermeasures), are given in : for the period 1986–2000 the dose range was from 2 mSv in towns located in black soil areas with the contamination level 40–600 kBq/m 2 up to 300 mSv in villages with podzol sandy soil with contamination 600–4000 kBq/m 2. Individual whole body lifetime doses as a function of the soil contamination were estimated as follows: for the range 185–555 kBq/m 2–5–20 mSv for 555–1480 kBq/m 2–20–50 mSv. In the study, the patients were subdivided according to the soil contamination: 1st group - 5–30 Ci/km 2 (185–1110 kBq/m 2) 2nd group - 0.5–5 Ci/km 2 (18.5–185 kBq/m 2). So, a computed tomographic (CT) examination causes an effective dose 2–20 mSv, while the doses from interventional CT procedures usually range within 5–70 mSv. A comparison with controls from West Europe should also have included dose estimates from diagnostic radiology extensively used in the West. This matter should have been elucidated in the publications where patients from different countries were compared otherwise exposures in a control group can turn out to be not significantly different from those in the exposed cohort, as it was the case for the patients from Kiev vs. The average individual doses from the background radiation for some countries are given e. g. High natural radiation background is not known to be associated with any increase in health risks, leaving apart the separate topic of radon and lung cancer at a cumulative exposure level of about 250 mSv. The worldwide annual exposures to the natural background radiation vary widely they are generally expected to be in the range 1–10 mSv but are higher in some densely populated areas.
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Nevertheless, patients from Kiev were repeatedly studied together with residents of contaminated areas within the 'exposed' cohorts. It was estimated that individual external and internal effective doses received by the residents of Kiev during the first year after the Chernobyl accident were about 3 mSv and 1.1 mSv respectively, decreasing in the following years, thus being comparable with the global average annual doses from the natural radiation background (2.4. The average individual effective doses, received by six million residents of the contaminated areas after the Chernobyl accident during the whole period 1986–2005 were around 9 mSv, which means that “most of the workers and members of the public were exposed to low level radiation comparable to, or at most a few times higher than, the annual natural background levels.”.